Data Sources
Academic Research

ScienceDirect (Elsevier)

Peer-reviewed finance and sustainability research including ESG rating disagreement studies.

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Elsevier's ScienceDirect hosts peer-reviewed journals covering finance, economics, and sustainability. C100 cites its ESG rating disagreement research to ground methodology comparisons in empirical work.

What they provide

  • Peer-reviewed finance and ESG research
  • Rating aggregation methodology studies
  • Correlation and disagreement analyses across providers

Institutional use cases

  • Grounding ESG methodology commentary in peer-reviewed evidence
  • Sourcing aggregation approaches for multi-provider scoring

Referenced in

ESG Ratings

Why ESG Scores Diverge: Understanding the Gap Between MSCI and Sustainalytics

Related sources

Academic Research

Review of Finance (Berg, Kölbel & Rigobon)

Landmark 2022 study decomposing ESG rating divergence into measurement (56%), scope (38%), and weighting (6%).